Uma Mahesh

Introduction In database systems, ensuring the reliability and consistency of data operations is critical, particularly for applications requiring high integrity, such as financial systems, e-commerce platforms, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. ACID transactions provide a framework to guarantee that database operations…

Introduction In system design interviews, selecting the appropriate database is a critical skill that demonstrates a candidate’s ability to align technical choices with system requirements. The decision involves analyzing functional and non-functional requirements, understanding trade-offs, and justifying selections with clarity…

Concept Explanation Databases are critical components of modern applications, providing structured storage and retrieval mechanisms for data. The choice of database type depends on the application’s data structure, scalability needs, consistency requirements, and performance goals. The landscape of databases is…

Concept Explanation SQL (Structured Query Language) and NoSQL (Not Only SQL) databases represent two fundamental paradigms for storing and managing data in modern applications. SQL databases, also known as relational databases, organize data into structured tables with predefined schemas, using SQL for querying.…

Concept Explanation A service mesh is a dedicated infrastructure layer that manages service-to-service communication in microservices architectures, providing features such as traffic routing, observability, security, and resilience without modifying application code. Technologies like Istio and Linkerd are prominent service mesh implementations, widely adopted by organizations such…

Concept Explanation gRPC (gRPC Remote Procedure Call) and Protocol Buffers (Protobuf) are powerful technologies designed for high-performance, low-latency communication in distributed systems. gRPC and Protobuf are widely adopted in microservices architectures by companies like Google, Netflix, and Uber, enabling efficient, scalable communication across…

Introduction Representational State Transfer (REST) APIs have become a cornerstone of modern software architecture, facilitating seamless communication between clients and servers in distributed systems. As of 05:39 PM IST on Friday, October 10, 2025, REST remains a dominant paradigm for…

Concept Explanation REST (Representational State Transfer) and GraphQL are two prominent paradigms for designing APIs, enabling communication between clients (e.g., web or mobile applications) and servers in distributed systems. Both are widely adopted in modern architectures, powering applications at companies like Twitter (REST)…

Concept Explanation A webhook is an event-driven mechanism that enables asynchronous communication between systems by allowing one application to send real-time data to another application via HTTP callbacks when specific events occur. Webhooks have become a fundamental component in modern distributed systems,…

Concept Explanation Real-time communication is a cornerstone of modern web and mobile applications, enabling instantaneous data exchange between clients and servers for functionalities such as live chats, stock tickers, real-time notifications, and collaborative tools. Technologies like WebSockets, Long Polling, and Server-Sent Events (SSE) are…