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Introduction Caching is a cornerstone of high-performance system design, enabling rapid data access, reduced latency, and alleviation of backend database load in applications such as e-commerce, social media, and streaming services. By storing frequently accessed data in fast, typically in-memory…

Concept Explanation Distributed caching systems are specialized data storage solutions designed to store frequently accessed data in memory across multiple nodes, significantly improving application performance by reducing latency and offloading backend databases. Unlike traditional in-memory caching on a single server,…

Concept Explanation Polyglot persistence refers to the architectural practice of using multiple database types within a single application, particularly in microservices architectures, to leverage the strengths of different databases for specific data storage and access patterns. In microservices, where each…

Concept Explanation Event Sourcing and Command Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS) are advanced architectural patterns that enhance data management in modern systems, particularly in distributed and high-performance applications. These patterns address challenges in scalability, auditability, and flexibility by decoupling data storage and processing. Event…

Concept Explanation Distributed databases are systems that store and manage data across multiple nodes or servers, enabling horizontal scalability, fault tolerance, and high availability in large-scale applications. Unlike traditional single-node databases, distributed databases partition data and replicate it across a…

Introduction Data structures form the foundation of high-performance database systems, enabling efficient storage, retrieval, and querying of vast and diverse datasets. Among these, B-Trees, B+ Trees, Hash Tables, Log-Structured Merge Trees (LSM Trees), Bloom Filters, Tries (Prefix Trees), Skip Lists, Bitmaps, R-Trees, and Inverted Indexes are pivotal in optimizing database performance…

Concept Explanation PostgreSQL, often referred to as Postgres, is an advanced, open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) renowned for its robustness, extensibility, and adherence to SQL standards. As of the current date, PostgreSQL has evolved into a versatile database supporting…

Introduction Storage systems are foundational to modern computing, enabling applications to store, manage, and retrieve data efficiently. Three primary storage paradigms—file storage, object storage, and block storage—address distinct needs in terms of data organization, access patterns, and scalability. Each system offers unique…

Introduction As applications grow in user base, data volume, and request rates, scaling databases becomes essential to maintain performance, availability, and reliability. Scaling enables databases to handle increased loads (e.g., 100,000 requests/second) and data volumes (e.g., petabytes) while ensuring low…